Essay about Rochem Ltd - 1312 Words

Rochem Ltd This case examines an equipment purchase decision as faced by a small food preservatives manufacturing company. The text is a description of a meeting between four managers concerned with the decision and presents their evidence to the management committee together with their personal views as to which of two alternative machines ought to be bought. No conclusion is reached in the case. Some notes on the Rochem Ltd case exercise The equipment purchase decision in general It is unusual for facilities to be chosen on one criterion only. For example, if a piece of equipment is needed immediately and only one model or make is available without considerable delivery delays, then the criterion of availability has predominated.†¦show more content†¦The range of capability could also be an important factor, that is, how adaptable, flexible or general does the machine have to be? This will depend on how accurately we can predict the future use to which the machine will be put. Financial criteria – costs Cost is clearly a major financial criterion for choosing between machines. There are, however, two aspects of the cost of any facility: the initial cost and the total life cycle cost. The initial cost is its basic purchase price. Sometimes limitations on the amount of capital available could eliminate some alternatives which, although may be good investments, require more initial capital than the company can afford. The total life cycle cost includes the cost associated with acquiring, using, caring, development, design, production, maintenance, replacement and disposal; as well as all the support, training and operating costs generated by the acquisition. Financial criteria – benefits The benefits which accrue from investing in machinery cannot always be described accurately in financial terms, but indirectly always reflect in financial performance. Benefits are usually expressed in profit terms or saving terms, whichever is more appropriate to the particular decision. Any sensible measure of benefit can be used provided all alternatives are assessed on the same criteria. The timing of benefits can also be important. A useful method of comparing costs

Cold War Influences on American Culture, Politics, and...

Following World War II, Europe was in ruins. Between bomb damage, economic downturn, and natural disasters such as droughts and blizzards it seemed nearly impossible to restore Europe to its prior greatness. America facilitated the recovery of Europe with military and financial aid and helped prevent the spread of communism. This aid crushed the Soviet dream of a communist Europe and started the Cold War. Over the next 45 years, the United States and the Soviet Union would resemble two angry women, avoiding each other at all costs and exploding into a furious rage at the first sight of the other. Many events contributed to and were derived from the Cold War such as the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, the Civil Rights movement, the Space†¦show more content†¦Unlike the Monroe Doctrine and its Roosevelt Corollary, which focused on the Western Hemisphere, Truman’s policy was global in scope. Beyond Greece and Turkey, it underpinned an array of Cold War initiatives: th e $12 billion Marshall Plan for European reconstruction, the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and an unprecedented military buildup in the wake of the Korean War. Indeed it guided America’s Cold War policies for four decades – from Berlin and Cuba to Vietnam and Afghanistan. Earlier in the article, Merrill defines modernity as â€Å"a worldwide cultural revolution, a state of consciousness that elevates science, mastery over nature, mass production, mass consumption, and social engineering.† Though the Truman Doctrine lacked a strategic vision, it gave the world purpose and identity with each other in areas that were already similar to the culture of the United States. Most of these countries were in Western Europe, but Japan was included also because its economic and technological life was so similar to that of the United States (Merrill). Throughout the Cold War Era, societies developed from economically deficient to well-rounded, thriving cultures. The Cold War encouraged this worldwide cultural revolution; around the globe, societies were moving away from the economic woes of the Great Depression and into the forward-thinking decadesShow MoreRelatedThe War Of World War II1638 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was the most widespread war in hi story and it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. This war lasted from 1939 to 1945. The war pinned the Axis nations which were Germany, Italy, Japan versus the Allied nations which were led by Britain and its Commonwealth nation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States. The Allies were victorious in the War. It was one of the most significant periods of time in the 20th century. The war resultedRead More Clash Of Civilizations Essay examples1587 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington is the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard University, director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, the chairman of the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies, and the president of the American Political Science Association. During the Carter administration, Huntington was the director of security planning for the National Security Council. He is also the founder and coeditor of the highly regarded i nternational affairs publication, ForeignRead MoreThe Validity of Samuel P. Huntington’s Thesis in â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations†1411 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in an unreasonable era since the end of the Cold War and the position of the nation-state has not been of any significance. Far more than the political objectives of territorial take-overs, it is the religious element of culture that has become the main cause of conflict. 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The Cold War impacted society and politics more so than WWII by aiding countries in hopes of making them join their regime, the use of propaganda techniques to portray the other superpower as weak, the fear of annihilation due to nuclear weapons, and the war between communism and democracy. After WWII, much of Europe was left in ruins and millions of peopleRead MoreThe United States And The American Century989 Words   |  4 Pagesforeign entanglements, but WWI engages the U.S. in European affairs, leaving Americans overwhelmed by the Great Depression and a feeling of isolationism. With the war over, the United States refuses to join the League of Nations and withdrew once again. So, when did the American Century begin? At the beginning of the 20th century the United States was an international power grounded in economic strength, but their military influence is limited. The perceived power of the United States and its potentialRead MoreEffects of the Cold War Essay1782 Words   |  8 Pagesall time due to his involvement in the Cold War. The Cold War is a period of time dating back between the late 1940’s to the early 1990’s in which America’s preeminent concern, was containing the Soviet Union and their morals on spreading communism. Considerin g that the Cold War lasted around forty some years, there are many short terms and long terms effects that go along with it. While the effects of the Cold War seemed to be drastic it actually was a war in which no shots were fired. The mainRead MoreFrancis Fukuyama s The End Of History985 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Cold War, humanity is reaching a point where Western liberal democracy and economic structure is the highest form of ideological development. Other ideologies (communism, fascism, etc.) are vestigial forms of thinking destined to fail and disappear in an inevitable progression towards a liberal system (Fukuyama 1989). In â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† published in 1993, Samuel Huntington writes that the world is divided into civilizations, based on culture (not ideology or economic factors)

How Accurate Is It to Say That Lenin’s Leadership Free Essays

How accurate is it to say that Lenin’s leadership was the most important reason for the Bolshevik’s success in the revolution of November 1917? Lenin’s leadership was to a large extent an important cause of the Bolshevik’s success in the November 1917 revolution. This is because of Lenin’s great leadership skills, including his personality and timing, and his use of propaganda. Other factors to why the Bolsheviks succeeded included Trotsky’s role, which was debatably more important, and the problems with the Provisional Government, which made it unpopular, increasing support to the Bolsheviks and meant that any future revolution was inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on How Accurate Is It to Say That Lenin’s Leadership? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lenin’s leadership was crucial in a number of respects. He was a brilliant orator so the Bolsheviks were well led. At the Central Committee meeting on the 23rd October 1917, Lenin forced through an agenda item, when the leading Bolsheviks, Zinoviev and Kamenev, disagreed on it. This was crucial because Lenin was in exile in Switzerland and had fled to Finland more recently because of disasters resulting from the July Days. This shows how Lenin was obviously still the determined leader of the Bolsheviks, and in the face of a united opposition, he was still capable to force his views upon the party. Furthermore, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s correct interpretation of Marx was not enough to stall Lenin’s wish for an armed uprising. Lenin slightly changed Marxist theory by stating that the bourgeois revolution had enough time to complete industrialization. This further established how influential Lenin within the Bolsheviks and no one could compete with him even if it was obvious that his Marxist theory was wrong. The Bolshevik’s success would not have occurred in the armed uprising of the November 1917 revolution without Lenin’s leadership skills. Lenin’s leadership skills is linked to his popular slogans which gained support to the Bolsheviks whilst making the Provisional Government unpopular. Furthermore, Lenin was determined to transform the political state in Russia by overthrowing the Provisional Government. Before Lenin’s return in April 1917, the leading Bolsheviks, such as Kamenev and Stalin, actually supported the Government. There were major problems for the government, counting the central issues. People were suffering from the hardships of World War I including: a huge number of deaths at the front, hyperinflation, transportation breakdowns, empty shelves in stores and lack of fuel to heat people’s homes. These issues were linked in a cruel circle; the only way to end the economic and social crisis was to get out off war but by doing so, that would mean the withdrawal of foreign aid, which would create an economic crisis of its own. The central issues dissatisfied the proletariat, soldiers and peasants. When Lenin returned, he promised his most popular slogans, which were ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ and ‘All Power to the Soviets’ which were designed to gain support for the Bolsheviks and undermine the Provisional Government. ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ was a popular message because ‘peace’ meant an instant end to conflicts and referred to Bolshevik opposition to war; ‘bread’ meant a promise of food in the towns and cities, and ‘land’ meant all of it to be nationalised for the peasantry. This was a popular message in a country tired of war and faced food shortages. This emphasised the Provisional Government’s support for the unpopular war and proved their failure to help the land and food shortages. Lenin’s solution ‘All Power to the Soviets’ made the workers and peasants believe that the Provisional Government was made up entirely of landowners and middle classes who would not look out for them. The slogans, therefore, allowed Lenin to give support to the Bolsheviks that they will have power whilst making the Provisional Government look weak and dependant on the ‘strong’ Bolsheviks. This is linked to how the weakness of the Provisional Government helped the Bolshevik’s support rise. It was the Provisional Government, which lead to direct attempts to defeat it; the Bolsheviks were lucky that the Provisional Government was weak. General Kornilov, dissatisfied with the Provisional Government and the muddled state of the army, called for its overthrow. He wanted a return of the death penalty for abandonment, the elimination of the Soviets and the appointment of himself as new leader. Kerensky firstly made proposals to Kornilov by asking him to join a coalition. When rejected, he had to ask the Petrograd Soviet to help him defend the capital. They agreed, but only once he had released the Bolshevik prisoners. He was therefore put into an unpleasant position of having to give weapons to a group of people who were wanted to defeat his government. In the end, Kornilov surrendered. The results were disastrous for the government. Politically, it lost support on both Left and Right. The Right-Wing were shocked that Kerensky had armed the communists. The Left were shocked that Kerensky had tried to compromise with Kornilov and turned instead to the organisation of the Bolsheviks. Militarily, the army lost all trust in the government and started to collapse. The Provisional Government was now extremely unpopular and helped make revolution inevitable with more Bolshevik support. Furthermore, The Kornilov Affair had followed the arming of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC). The MRC did not give its guns back to the Provisional Government once the crisis was over, which meant that there was an armed radical group at the core of the Petrograd who were progressively undertaking the orders of the Bolsheviks. In addition, the failure of Kornilov to get to Petrograd highlighted the power the MRC had over soldiers Clearly, after the Kornilov Affair, the Provisional Government could no longer trust the troops to protect them if their opponent were in the MRC. The Kornilov Affair therefore made the revolution inevitable. This is linked to Trotsky, who led the MRC, and how his role was crucial to the success of the Bolsheviks in the revolution. It was Trotsky who was the mastermind behind the actual planning and accomplishment of the uprising ever since he joined the Bolsheviks in May. Trotsky started the Pravda, a new workers-oriented newspaper, which got the Bolsheviks ideas across and helped the party run its own propaganda machine. Furthermore, on the evening of 24th October 1917, orders were given for the Bolsheviks began to occupy the railway stations, the telephone exchange and the State Bank. The next day the Red Guards, a private Bolshevik army established by Trotsky, surrounded the Winter Palace. The Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) of the Petrograd Soviet was set up to defend Soviets from Germans after the June offensive collapses. It was under the control of Trotsky and the Red Guards occupied crucial areas of Petrograd and arrested most of the Provisional Government, who were in the Winter Palace. Many of the members of the Provisional Government were arrested, but did not offer any confrontation. The MRC, however, did win over the support f the Peter/Paul fortress, with its 100,000 rifles. This shows how Trotsky had also organised and executed the Bolsheviks’ takeover with great competence. Trotsky was an important contribution as he was the organiser and gave the Bolsheviks the military power to win against the Provisional Government, which ended up numbering over 10,000. To conclude, Lenin’s leadership was crucial to a number of respects. Howev er, other factors such as Trotsky’s role, including his great organisational skills, and the weakness of the Provisional Government, which helped increase Bolshevik support, are arguably more crucial. Lenin was a brilliant speaker and powerful within the party. In the face of a united opposition between Zinoviev and Kamenev, Lenin was still able to force his views upon the party, which shows how no one could compete with him. His two famous slogans ‘All Power to the Soviets’ and ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ allowed Lenin to give support to the Bolsheviks that they will have power. However, Lenin was lucky that the Bolsheviks’ opponent, the Provisional Government, was weak. There was little support for the Provisional Government within the Petrograd. The Provisional Government failed to tackle the worst issues like the food shortages for example. The Kornilov Affair also created political and military problems for the government, which made revolution inevitable. Furthermore, Trotsky played a much important role as he gave the Bolsheviks the military power due to his organisational and timing skills. Lenin did help the Bolsheviks succeed in the November 1917, but only to a certain extent. How to cite How Accurate Is It to Say That Lenin’s Leadership?, Essay examples

Public health free essay sample

Yet the principle acknowledges that public health will also concern itself with some immediate causes and some curative roles. For example, the treatment of curable infections is important to the prevention of transmission of infection to others. The term public health is used here and elsewhere in the Code to represent the entire field of public health, including but not limited to government institutions and schools of public health. This first statement in the twelve principles of the ethical practice of public health: Recognizes the ethical alue the public health community gives to prevention. Considers the full spectrum of the determinants of health. Identifies the range of options for interventions that correspond to the full spectrum of determinants of health Ethical principles of the practice of public health 1. Humans have a right to the resources necessary for health 2. Humans are inherently social and interdependent- meaning humans look to each other for support and companionship in the relationships they lead. We will write a custom essay sample on Public health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. g family, friendships and communities. By doing this they rely upon each other for safety and survival, and his is possible in more positive relationships. 3. The effectiveness of institutions depends heavily on the publics trust- truth telling, transparency, accountability, reliability and reciprocity, listening to as well and speaking with the community. 4. Collaboration is a key element to public health- between the various public health infrastructures in terms of the agencies, working together of these agencies in order attains proper efficiency and problem solving capabilities. . People and their physical environment are interdependent- People depend on the resources of their atural and constructed environments for life itself, therefore a damaged or unbalance environment and poorly constructed environment or one in poor condition will have adverse effects on the health of people. Also we know this term goes both ways meaning people play an important role in maintaining their environment as well. 6. Each person in a community should have an opportunity to requirements of health in a community are a primary concern to public health- most health programs are curative in nature but we must never lose sight of the underlying causes and prevention. . Knowledge is important and powerful- improvement of health care and understanding health through research and accumulation of knowledge. 9. Science is the basis for much of our public health knowledge- scientific methods, objectivity, using a full range of scientific tools and methods of evaluation of policies and of programs to protect and promote health. 0. People are responsible to act on the basis on what they know- Public health should seek to transfer available knowledge to the public so they may make informed decisions about their health. 11 . Action is not based on information alone. These ethical principles hold a major basis toward the prevention of health issues in a community. The community should be aware and fully knowledge able about their ethical right and privileges. The determinants of health depend largely on the circumstances and environment of people and the community. It does not mean whether someone is health or not or the absence of disease or presence of it. The determinants of health include: the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the persons individual characteristics and behaviours. The manner in which people live their lives has a major influence over the health they may possess whether they know this or not. According to the WHO the following are some factors which are determinants of health. Income and social status higher income and social status are linked to better health.

Study Of The Enviroment On The Cell Membrane Essays -

Study Of The Enviroment On The Cell Membrane Study Of The Enviroment On The Cell Membrane Dave Lima SBI OA1 Mr. Swanson 10/4/99 Purpose: To study the effect of environmental changes in the permeability of living beet root cells. Procedure A: The effect of pH on the cell membrane Materials & Method 1. Cut a beet root into slices approximately 2mm thick. Use a cork bore to cut out thirty-five (35) slices. 2. Place the discs in a 250 mL beaker and rinse thoroughly in cool running tap water. The red pigment collected comes from the damaged cells and can be used to analyze the chemical nature of the pigment. 3. The pigment in a beet, anthocynanin, should be analyzed before beginning. This can be done simply by first adding a few drops if concentrated acid to a sample if beet juice. 4. The resulting solution can be compared to a second sample made by adding a few drops if concentrates base to another sample of beet juice. Note the colours of each. Given stock solutions of 0.1 mol/L HCl and 0.1 mol/L NaOH, and graduated cylinders, prepare the following solutions in separate test tubes. a) 10 mL of 0.1 mol/L HCl b) 10 mL of 0.01 mol/L HCl c) 10 mL of 0.001 mol/L HCl d) 10 mL of distilled water e) 10 mL of 0.001 mol/L NaOH f) 10 mL of 0.01 mol/L NaOH g) 10 mL of 0.1 mol/L of NaOH 5. Place five (5) beet root discs in each of the 7 test tubes. 6. Leave them for 15 minutes and then record your observations. Agitate gently and continue to observe them at 15-minute intervals until no further changes occur. Procedure B: The effects Of An Organic Solvent Materials & Methods 1. Prepare beet root discs as for Procedure A. The number required will depend on the control you design. 2. Place five (5) of the discs in a test tube containing 10 mL of distilled water and 2 mL of ethanol. 3. Design a control for this investigation. 4. Agitate gently and periodically for 15 minutes and record your observations. Observations: Analyzing anthocynanin by adding concentrated acid and base to beet juice Mixture Observations recorded Few drops of concentrated acid added to a sample of beet juice -Concentrated acid caused the anthocynanin to turn to a slightly lighter shade of pink. Few drops of concentrated vase added to a sample of beet juice -Concentrated base caused the anthocynanin to turn a transparent yellow. Serial Dilution Intervals 0.1 mol/L 0.01 0.001 Distilled` 0.001 0.01 0.1 HCl mol/L mol/L Water mol/L mol/L mol/L HCl HCl NaOH NaOH NaOH 15 -lots of -less pigment -a small -very little -a small -barely -a yellow Minutes pigment lost lost than the amount pigment lost amount any pigment is -solution is dark 0.1 solution of from the beet of pigment present in purple in of HCl pigment root pigment lost the colour lost lost from the solution from the from the beet root beet root beet root 30 -slightly -slightly -slightly -slightly -slightly -slightly -slightly Minutes more more more more more more more Pigment pigment pigment pigment pigment pigment pigment lost since lost since lost lost since lost lost lost the the since the the since since since observation observations obser- observations the the the made at made at vations made at observ- observ- observ- 15 minutes 15 minutes made at 15 minutes ations ations ations 15 made at made at made at minutes 15 15 15 minutes minutes minutes 45 -solution -solution -solution -a darker shade -solution -solution -the Minutes is dark is pink in is a of pink than is a light is a light mixture is purple in colour lighter the 0.001 pink pink very colour throughout shade of solution of through- through- yellow throughout pink HCl but not out the out the throughout than that of the mixture, mixture, the actual the 0.01 0.01 solution similar similar beet have solution of HCl to that to that turned of HCl of the of the brown in 0.001 0.001 colour mol/L mol/L HCl HCl The Effects Of An Organic Solvent: Designing A Control The control our group designed for this investigation was to have one test tube with 10 mL of distilled water 2 mL of ethanol. This way both test tubes would have a total of 12 mL and 5 beet roots each. Test tube with 12 mL of water Test tube with 10 mL of water and 2 mL of ethanol -very little pigment lost -light pink in colour -beets moved (twirled) when agitated -very little

Management of Projects

Management of Projects This paper is aimed at examining several questions related to project management. In the first section, such a concept as stakeholder is examined. Furthermore, this section includes a strategy for communicating with different stakeholders. Additionally, this paper highlights the differences between agile management and PMBoK.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Management of Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, it is important to evaluate their applicability to a specific project such as the construction of Wembley Stadium. Moreover, much attention is paid to project scope, especially the need to make a list of items that have be excluded. Finally, this report throws light on the problems associated with the management of multi-cultural teams and outlines the methods of addressing them. Within the context of project management, the word stakeholder can be defined as any individual or â€Å"organis ation that is actively involved in a project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by execution or completion of the project† (Pries Quigley 2012, p. 84). This definition is more beneficial because it helps managers consider the interests of different people and agencies. It should be noted that sometimes, scholars focus only on those people who are involved in the completion of a project (Hill 2014; Gunsteren 2011). In other words, they can be viewed as the main beneficiaries of a certain business activity. Nevertheless, this interpretation does not enable people to consider a wide range of impacts produced by a certain project. A more inclusive definition of this term is important for identifying the main risks associated with the activities of businesses and governmental agencies. This is one of the details that should be taken account. Overall, stakeholder management is critical for effective implementation of various projects. For instance, by inte racting with different managers, business administrators can identify the problems or weaknesses of a project. Additionally, these people can offer valuable recommendations regarding its implementation. One should keep in mind that sometimes, people may object to a project. For example, one can speak about infrastructural projects that may require the use of eminent domain. So, it is critical to consider the concerns of these people and find ways of reconciling conflicts. This is why this element of project management should not be overlooked.Advertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers need to develop the strategy for communicating with different stakeholders. In particular, these people should be divided into two large groups, namely internal and external stakeholders. Some of them have a vested interest in the execution of a project. For example, one can speak about investors. In turn, other people may want to know whether a specific project can infringe on their interests in any way. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about the use of land belonging to the residents of the community. Additionally, one should identify their information needs and develop communication methods that can satisfy these needs (Sanghera 2007). Furthermore, the communication strategy should distinguish different types of documents that can be shared with external and internal stakeholders. For instance, investors or customers may want to learn about the way in which capital is used. Additionally, it is important to single out communication channels that are necessary for the interactions between stakeholders. For example, managers and employees can communicate with the help of such tools as emails, phone, Intranet sites, video chats, and so forth. Moreover, the management can interact with external stakeholders with the help of press releases su ch as Internet publications. Apart from that, it is necessary to show how different stakeholders can get in contract with the main decision-makers. Overall, one should adopt the so-called open door policy which implies that different workers can communicate with managers and senior executives without facing any bureaucratic difficulties (Ward 2011, p. 291). These people may need to express concerns about the implementation of a project. These are the main elements of this communication approach. Overall, this strategy is designed for a project that can influence various members of the community. Thus, it may potentially produce negative externalities on other people. It is possible to identify several strengths and weaknesses of this strategy. The main advantage is that it shows how stakeholders and managers can interact with each other. In particular, it does not exclude external stakeholders who may want to know about various impacts of the project. It is critical to ensure that t he interests of these people are not disregarded; since this neglect can lead to significant problems such as lawsuits. Additionally, this strategy can eliminate bureaucratic barriers through the adoption of open-door policy. This principle is important for identifying possible risks at the early stages (Ward 2011, p. 291).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Management of Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, there are some weaknesses that should be considered. In particular, project managers are the main agents guiding communication process. This strategy does not support the interaction between community members and employees working on the project. However, managers have to coordinate the interactions between different stakeholders. This is why they play the most prominent role. Furthermore, the restrictions included in this strategy are necessary to preserve confidential information. So, these limitations have to be accepted. These are the main details that can be singled out. There are several popular approaches to implementing projects; among them, one can distinguish such techniques as agile management and PMBoK (Project Management Body of Knowledge). They represent different perceptions of the way in which different tasks can be performed. It should be mentioned that PMBoK describes project implementation as a linear process incorporating such stages as â€Å"initiating, planning, execution, controlling, and closure† (Sobh 2008, p. 378). These parts can be viewed as sequential stages, and in most cases, their order cannot be reversed or rearranged in any way. In contrast, agile management lays stress on the importance of change as an inseparable part of project management (Cobb 2011). This model implies that the initial requirements can evolve considerably in the course of project implementation (Sobh 2008, p. 378). In many cases, clients need to see the protot ype in order to identify requirements and describe functionality (Nicholas, Steyn 2012). These are the main distinctions between these methods. It is possible to illustrate the way in which project managers can evaluate the appropriateness of these approaches. This case can be better examined by looking at such a project as the construction of Wembley Stadium. One can say that agile management was not fully appropriate for the needs for constructors. Instead, they applied the techniques which were more compatible with PMBoK approach1. At first, one should mention that the construction of stadiums represents the area that has been well examined. In this case, researchers and engineers have already identified a set of best practices (John, Sheard Vickery 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, clients can understand the attributes of the final product almost at the begining. In contrast, agile methodology implies that initial requirements may not coincide with the attributes of the final product (John et al 2007). In most cases, this approach is applied to the design of software, rather than infrastructural development (Sobh 2008). This is one of the details that should be considered. Additionally, one keep in mind that in this case, planners were able to identify the main uses of the stadium. For example, it had to host football or rugby matches. Furthermore, it was expected that Wembley would become one of the largest concert venues in London. Additionally, construction projects are highly regulated by various governmental agencies. These organisations want to make sure that safety requirements are met. Thus, many of the design and construction decisions are often standardised. This is another reason why the main functional requirements could be identified at the stage of planning. Apart from that, one should bear in mind that the modification of construction projects can be very expensive and time-consuming. These difficulties are particularly dangerous if an organisation has to meet stringent deadlines and budget restraints (Fish 2012). Attempts to bring changes at the stage of execution can be particularly challenging because many of the resources have already been used. Furthermore, one can speak about the conflicts between clients and contractors. As a rule, such disputes occur due to increasing costs of the project. In many cases, these disagreements may result in legal conflicts. This is why the use of agile management is not fully suitable.  Certainly, there were some difficulties which emerged during the implementation of the projects. In particular, one should speak about delays during construction. Nevertheless, such difficulties are widespread, and they can be mitigated with the help of effective scheduling and time management. Furthermore, one should bear in mind that there were some technical problems and it was necessary to change one of subcontractors. Moreover, changes were made in the scope of the project and some functional attributes had to be removed. Yet, the scope was modified at the early stages. However, at the very beginning, the planners could clearly the main project requirements. Overall, the selection of PMBoK was quite appropriate for the needs of this project. One should not suppose that the principles of agile management are completely inapplicable to this case. For example, one can speak about the need to involve users in project implementation. These people can identify possible problems at the early stages. However, in this case, it is impossible to ensure frequent delivery of products that are parts of this project. This is one of the details that should be taken into account. On the whole, this case illustrate that the choice of the project management technique depends on various criteria such ability of customers to identify the attributes of the final product, costs, time restraints, and so forth. The scope of the project can be defined in different ways. In particular, this term can be described as the main tasks that team members should do in order to create a certain product which has certain attributes (Vargas 2007). Apart from that, this notion is used to refer to the main functional characteristics of the final product (Vargas 2007). The second definition is usually more useful because it can be applied to measure that progress that a team has made during a certain period. In turn, the first interpretation is not closely related to the results that should be attained. This is one of the limitations that should be distinguished. Additionally, researchers note that managers should draw a distinct line between deliverables and activities involved in the project at the very beginning (Greer 2002). This is one of the issues that should not be overlooked. On the whole, scoping decisions have significant implications for the costs of a project and its duration (Schwalbe 2008). It is important to identify those features that have been excluded from the scope. Although many project managers focus on the items or functional characteristics that should be delivered, but it is also vital to pinpoint those deliverables that will not be included. At first, this step can be important for reducing the costs of a project. If designers and construction companies can clearly understand customers’ expectations, they will be able to work more efficiently and minimise delays (Schwalbe 2008). More importantly, in this way, one can avoid conflicts between clients and organisations that are responsible for the implementation of a project (Shephard 2006). Sometimes, customers may assume that their expectations are self-evident. Furthermore, they can ask why a certain deliverable was not included in the project (Schwalbe 2008; Greer 2002). Thus, they can blame contractors or designers. As a result, there is a significant risk of legal conflicts that can hinder the implementation of a project or even completely undermine it. This risk becomes particularly dangerous at the time when the project has already reached the stage of execution. Furthermore, the reputation of both clients and constructing companies can be damaged significantly. As a rule, planners have to exclude certain deliverables at the point when certain technical and financial problems arise. These issues should be clarified at the initial stages. These are some of the issues that should be addressed as quickly as possible. This argument is relevant if one speaks about the construction of Wembley Stadium. Initially, it was expected that this venue could host athletic competitions that are a critical part of the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, later it became clear that a single venue could not adequately accommodate for rugby, football, and athletic competitions ( Virginov, 2013, p. 52). At the stage of design, it became obvious that this goal could not be achieved due to time constraints and lack of space. Additionally, the designers and constructors clearly stated that Wembley Stadium could not accommodate a hotel (Lowe 2013). One should bear in mind that some constructing companies strive to make sure that a stadium can incorporate a hotel in its structure (Lowe 2013). This design choice can be important for increasing returns on a project and attracting a greater number of tourists. Thirdly, one should mention that the project planners decided to limit the expansion of hospitality suits. These choices were made by governmental agencies when it became clear that the project would too expensive. Furthermore, the construction process could become too time-consuming. These are the main rationales underlying these decisions. Thus, the scoping exclusions were necessary to avoid the failure of the project which was critical for the Olympic Games . This case demonstrates the construction projects can lead to different complexities that can take origins in technical or budgetary limitations. Finally, time constraints can be viewed as another important barrier that should be taken into account. Overall, this discussion indicates that scoping decisions can have profound implications for the implementation of any project. They can be critical for avoiding such pitfalls as excessive costs, delays, and legal disputes that can produce disastrous effects. In many cases, scoping exclusions have to be made at the time when designers and planners identify potential barriers to the implementation of a project. At this point, they need to identify the objectives that will not be attained. These are the main details that can be distinguished since they have profound implications for the work of large organisations and vital projects. A project manager, who works in a multi-cultural environment, may have to deal with several challenges. At first, one should consider the problems resulting from the differences in values and attitudes. For example, in some countries, the power distance between managers and employers is rather short (Ting-Toomey 2012; Binder 2012). Therefore, workers may be reluctant to take initiatives without asking the permission of senior executives. This argument is partly relevant if one speaks about some Asian countries such as China. In contrast, in Europe or North America, this power distance is much shorter, and workers are usually more encouraged to take independent initiatives. Under such circumstances, employees may be more willing to act as decision-makers. These differences can lead to delays or conflicts between executives and managers. In order to avoid such problems, one should clearly identify the rules of communication. In particular, a project manager should develop a communication strategy that enables team members to get in contact with one another as quickly as possible. This iss ue is important for the discussion of possible changes, recommendations, difficulties, and so forth. Furthermore, a project manager should identify those cases when a person can act independently. By empowering workers, one can make sure that minor problems can be addressed as quickly as possible. Thus, the efficiency of cooperation can be significantly increased. It is also important to mention that people representing different cultures may have different attitudes towards conflicts. For example, some employees may believe that a conflict or a disagreement can be beneficial in many cases, since very often it can help people understand the strengths and weaknesses of the current business practices. However, in some cultures, people prefer to avoid conflicts since they are mostly associated with rudeness and disrespect (Witoszek Trgà ¥rdh 2002). This difference can lead to significant problems such as groupthink or unwillingness to critique the opinions of the majority (Hetzel 201 3). In order to overcome this difficulty, the manager should implement the so-called open-door policy which encourages people to discuss the most urgent issues as quickly as possible. Secondly, the manger may ask team members to offer their suggestions or critique via email, if they do not want to enter into a direct conflict with their colleagues. Certainly, managers should not assume that existing theoretical frameworks can always predict the behavior of people representing different cultures. One should keep in mind that cultures can change significantly in the course of their interactions with one another (Jais 2007). Thus, a manager should avoid stereotypes while working in multicultural teams. These are some of the main suggestions that should be considered.  Additionally, one should bear in mind that cultures can differ in term of gender relations. This issue becomes particularly acute if one speaks about the role of women and their status in the workplace. Furthermore, the re is a risk of hostilities between the representatives of different religious or ethnic groups. In order to minimise the risk of such problems, the manager must clearly state that any discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity, religion, or any other criteria is utterly inadmissible. Furthermore, it can immediately result in the termination of contract. Although such measures may seem to be rather harsh, they are very useful for reducing the risk of discrimination in the workplace.  Furthermore, possible difficulties can arise at the time when team members are located in different countries or even continents. For example, these people can be located in different time zones, and their cooperation can be significantly impaired. This problem can be addressed in different ways. To some degree, this problem can be resolved through careful planning and allocation of duties. Additionally, one should make sure that workers are able to work autonomously. If this goal is achieved, t he risks of delays will be significantly reduced. Furthermore, one should apply various communication technologies such as Intranet sites, emails, VoIP (voice over IP) technologies, and so forth. These are some of the technical problems that project managers should not overlook. Yet, the impact of these challenges can be mitigated.  Overall, these examples show a project managers should be skilled in cross-cultural management. These professionals should understand how the values and worldviews of people can influence their workplace behaviors. This person should bear in mind that cultural difference should not be confused with incompetence, carelessness, or rudeness. Such an assumption can produce disastrous effects on the work of teams and hinder the implementation of any project. Appendix References Binder, J., 2012. Global Project Management: Communication, Collaboration and Management. New York: Gower Publishing. Cobb, C., 2011. Making Sense of Agile Project Management: Balan cing Control and Agility. New York: John Wiley Sons. Fish, A., 2012. Knowledge Automation: How to Implement Decision Management in Business Processes. Boston: John Wiley Sons. Greer, M., 2002. The Project Managers Partner: A Step-by-step Guide to Project Management. New York: AMACOM. Gunsteren, L., 2011. Stakeholder-oriented Project Management: Tools and Concepts. New York: IOS Press. Hetzel, J., 2013. Does Groupthink Lead to Crisis Situations? New York: GRIN Verlag. Hill, G., 2014. The Complete Project Management Methodology and Toolkit. New York: CRC Press. Jais, S., 2007. The Successful Use of Information in Multinational Companies: An exploratory study of individual outcomes and the influence of national culture. New York: Springer Science Business Media. John, G., Sheard, R., Vickery, B., 2007. Stadia: A Design and Development Guide. New York: Routledge. Lowe, D., 2013.Commercial Management: Theory and Practice. New York: John Wiley Sons. Nicholas, J., Steyn, H., 2012. Pr oject Management for Engineering, Business and Technology. New York: Routledge. Pries, K., Quigley, J., 2012, Total Quality Management for Project Management. New York: CRC Press. Sanghera, P., 2007. PgMP: Program Management Professional Exam Study Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K., 2008. Introduction to Project Management. 2nd Edition. New York: Cengage Learning, Shephard, R., 2006. Quantifying Environmental Impact Assessments Using Fuzzy Logic. New York. Springer Science Business Media. Sobh, T., 2008. Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Ting-Toomey, S., 2012. Communicating Across Cultures. London: Guilford Press. Vargas, R., 2007. Practical Guide to Project Planning. New York: CRC Press. Virginov, V., 2013. Handbook of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Volume One : Making the Games. New York: Routledge. Ward, J., 2011. Dictionary of Project Management Terms. 3rd Edition. New York: E SI International. Witoszek, N, Trgà ¥rdh, L., 2002, Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. New York: Berghahn Books. Footnotes 1 Please refer to the Appendix to see the decision tree.

Organizational Design, Growth and Challenges Research Paper

Organizational Design, Growth and Challenges - Research Paper Example This is an acronym used to depict the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of an organization. The four components are separate yet integrated; in this regard, the best way to carry out SWOT analysis entails identifying the strengths and weaknesses of any organization prior to tackling the opportunities and strengths. This paper analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Wal-Mart Stores. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is a renowned American multinational retailer corporation operating chains of large discount warehouse and departmental stores. It is currently the biggest private employer in the world with slightly over 2 Million employees. Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton. It was incorporated in 1969 and began to publicly trade in the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. Wal-Mart’s headquarters is based in Bentonville, Arkansas, USA. It has eminently expanded over the years. Currently, Wal-Mart runs 8,416 stores located in 15 different countries. With the view of understanding the entire environment of Wal-Mart, it is important to critically analyze its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Oldham, 1980). As evidenced by its incredible success, Wal-Mart has abundance of strength. For instance, Wal-Mart offers a wide variety of merchandise at very competitive prices. Due to their large purchases they receive exorbitant discounts from their suppliers, which is passed down to the customers. Strength of Wal-Mart is in fact that they manufacture their own brands and supply goods from local suppliers to retailers. Wal-Mart’s large size and high purchasing power is also strength on its own. It has an incredible team of executives who form its leadership. This has equipped Wal-Mart with a management of high caliber. The company spends its resources carefully with the aim of maximizing their margins (Burton, 2012). With regards to weaknesses, Wal-Mart, being a large multinational company, has a large pool of employ ees. Managing all these employees is never an easy task. It, therefore, poses a major challenge to Wal-Mart’s management. Quality of goods sold is another major concern. Owing to its low prices, customers sometimes question the quality of goods. Customer satisfaction is, therefore, not guaranteed. As with opportunities, Wal-Mart has been able to expand into other countries and has formed partnerships with other companies. However, there are still some markets that are yet to be reached by Wal-Mart. Another opportunity is that of taking over some overseas companies, such as ASDA in the United Kingdom. With the escalated trend of internet shopping, Wal-Mart has the opportunity to develop strategies that will enhance home delivery of goods whose orders are placed via the internet. Another opportunity is that of creating convenience stores. This could enable Wal-Mart to overcome local restrictions, as well as travel costs. The most prevalent threat facing Wal-Mart is competition. Local, as well as international competition, has posed a major threat to Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has been vulnerable to attacks regarding ethical issues as well. In this purview, they have been accused in providing low pay and poor working conditions to its workers. Environmental issues also threaten Wal-Mart’s success. Company/Organization Name: Wal-Mart Stores STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Large market share Discounts by suppliers Price leader Large variety of

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Market Entry Strategy: Analysis Of Wal-Mart In India

Market Entry Strategy: Analysis Of Wal-Mart In India Generally in formulating a plan the business turns to the choice, in the situation whenever the object is to locate a market which would make their business money spinning or in the situation a new market is to be ventured into. At times when there is no plan of action, venturing into an untapped market will seem tricky, thus recognized the term market entry. According to Cinco (2003) the vendor must be able to differentiate their supply ways that might be beneficial either to the company or to the nature of alternatives it can be able to add value. So to increase its market share, the vendor must have competitive sustainable benefits, the time to build-up their proposal and other resources. In the era of competition vender must posses some attributes that are hard for competitors to copy (Barney, 1991). For the companies that are aspiring towards entering a foreign market, there are various modes that could be employed for the gaining of access. They are as follows Licensing Exporting Franchising Joint ventures or strategic alliances Establishing a subsidiary that is wholly owned Exporting This refers to the transferring of the services or production over the boundaries of the nations and the majority of the companies initiate their plans of expansion into another nation by means of this process of international expansion by exporting the goods produced in abundance and best quality and then they move on to follow other available strategies to gain their entry and make their presence felt stronger. There are many advantages that are associated with the process of exporting like the nation that is planning to gain access to a foreign market can control production by means of maintaining the facilities of production at the home land itself and then can transport the services or products to other nations (Miller, 1998). Licensing This is nothing but a arrangement by means of which the international company who is naturally the licensor offers the company where it plans to enter or the licensee one among the following Rights of trademark Rights of patent Copyrights Know how on the product and its associated processing Any of the above would be offered to the nation in exchange for a payment from the country who buys it or a specific performance Following are the list of things paid or offered by the nation that has bought the rights from the other nation Agree to produce the service or the product which any one of the above rights have been bought Agree for marketing the product or service in an area that has been already assigned Agree to pay money to the nation that has sold the license that is proportional to the volume of sales that is obtained by selling the product as royalty (Minor et al, 1991) Franchising This refers to an agreement through which the franchiser is involved in the selling of the rights of the product so that the name of the brand can be used by the franchisee and in return, a payment of a big sum of money can be made. Along with this the profit gained by the franchisee could be shared with that of the franchiser. This mode of gaining market entry has been used by the companies involved in marketing and services whereas the mode of licensing is used by the companies involved in marketing (Mintzberg and Quinn, 1992) Strategic alliances and joint ventures The concept of forming strategic alliances and the formation of combined ventures are clubbed together since the formation of strategic alliances is rather weaker than that of the joint ventures. Hence we can define a strategic alliance as the agreements that are formed between the participating firms so that the activities of value chain of the companies could be aggregated for the gaining of advantage in competitive terms. In majority of the cases the strategic alliances are formed between two concerns that are equal competitors in the same field. But a joint venture is nothing but a venture that is formed between a foreign firm with that of a national firm and in this alliance, the foreign firm would have sufficient equity stake in order to have a strong hold on the management functions but still not a complete hold so that it can have full domination of the venture at hand. Hence the equity share possessed by the international firm could be varied and this can range from 10 to 90 percent, but normally this would be from 25 to 70 percent (Johnson and Scholes, 1999). Wholly owned subsidiary This is nothing but a mode of entry where the company that initiated has a total and complete ownership of the stock possessed by the subsidiary. This type of wholly owned subsidiary could be set up by the process of acquisition or by the process of setting up a wholly new entity. The advantages of establishing a wholly owned subsidiary is many. In case if the company possesses a lot of competitive advantage in terms of its technical background, it can have a 100 percent hold on it and hence there is no control exerted by any external forces. A wholly owned subsidiary also helps in benefitting greatly from the process of strategic co-ordination at the global level. Another advantage of this system is that a company can enjoy the total benefits offered by the economies of location and also from that of the experience curve effects (Keegan and Green, 1997) The retailing giant Wal-Mart has been successful in the obtaining of a toehold in the sector of retail in India by means of adopting the mode of entry as a joint venture and has had a significant impact on the traditional system of retail existing already in India. Importance of market entry strategies There are many studies existing to show that the position of first entry into market provides the entrant with a lot of advantages in terms of stock prices, sustenance and other events as well. But there are chances of success for the other people who enter later as well because they can adopt specific strategies in the market that would help them for positioning themselves better. When some of the pioneering industries have attained the present status, eventually they become very much self-satisfied and would not be able to fulfill the dynamic and ever increasing demands that are posed by the market place. Hence the market entry strategies and the strategies adopted to gain a cutting edge in the market is greatly dependant on the market atmosphere and also on the range of players who exist in the market and their strategic positioning as well (Kanagal, 2006). Hence to maintain the leading position in the market, the pioneer industries should always be prepared to react to the change s occurring and also to expect the possible threats and the new entries. For instance, a leading player can react to the new entries by bringing about reductions in price and thereby decreasing the business value for the new entries. Other modes of reacting are by taking control over the major channels of distribution. Hence a comprehensive perception of the strategies of defense in the market along with a good timing sense complemented by a fool proof decision making plans will make the entry into markets and tackling the customers easier for the entrant (Evans, 2008). Overview of Emerging Economies: BRIC Nations According to World bank (2010) emerging economy is the term given economies or nations having middle to low per capita income. Around 20%of world economy and about 80% and about 80% of world population is represented by such emerging market economies (Burt et al, 2002). BRIC is a short form utilized to represent the speedily developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Goldman Sachs (2008) has identified BRIC nations is leading world economies by 2050. Data collected on BRIC nations shows that put together BRIC nations have a GDP of 15.435 trillion dollars, 25% of total land and about 40% of world population. RETAIL MARKET IN INDIA: A Scenario The Indian retail industry is still in the embryonic state. This segment has not been paid any attention post Indian Independence (1947). The extent and size and growing populace all are factors which offer an assurance for the retailing sector to develop in the future. The retail setting of India has conventionally centered on small, mom-pop shops which are located next to the residences of people. People have the facility to make payments on a monthly basis in such shops apart from interacting personally with the proprietors. Such shops are also endorsed by committees formed by people living in the localities. Services such as courier pick up and local promotions are facilities provided complementary by the stores. If people face a crisis they may request the proprietors to open the shops even when it is night time (Berman and Evans 2006). Indians usually prefer such stores. The segment pertaining to retailing is not structured and very few rules are followed by the stores. Such st ores comprise of nearly 92% of the total retail shops in the country. The residual 8% organized stores have emerged in the 2-3 years gone by thanks to ever-growing economy and opening up of the Indian economy.  A study undertaken by Market Graph (Research Firm based in New Delhi, India), in June 2008 concluded that the value of trade in India was around INR 12,000 Bn. As per the report it was stated this segment is the second largest provider of jobs for people of the country (Covey 2005) . The retail segment of India is imbalanced as the total market share of ordered retailers is only around 2% according to Bill and Bill (2004). The scenario was the same even in developed nations initially in the previous century; the materialization of huge retail stores including Wal Mart, Sears and McDonalds was the reason of quick development of the structured retail and increasing merging of the retail business in the advanced countries. It is the quick increasing incomes and changes occurring in the way people live which is transforming and encouraging the development of the structured retailing in the West (Kotler, 2004). The structured retail sector in India also shows promise as the purchasing power of Indians has increased while the rapidly growing middle class imitates the Western existence (Srivastava, 2007). Thanks to the tremendous growth of the Indian economy (2002-2008), individuals have more money to spend and they now expect to increase their standard of living. This was a reason for large renowned Indian businesses to venture in the retail business. During 2007-2008, around 33000 retail shops found their way in the country. Products offered by such shops included garments, provisions, fruits and vegetables, Electronics Auto. The next 4-5 years will see several new stores being introduced in the country. This phase of retail development is likely to recede by 2014; the market leaders will be those who are successful and have accurate skills related to operations in this sector. Retail stores who fail to follow suitable strategies related to marketing and consumer satisfaction will be forced to shut shop. The sales growth of US$ 392.63 billion in 2011 to US$ 674.37 billion has been forecasted in India Retail Report (BMI, 2011). Ever increasing upper class consumer base coupled with increase in construction of organized retail infrastructure have been identified as key factors behind its growth. McKinsey and Co (2010) has reported and expected increase from 5% to 14-18 % in organized retail market, which is expected to reach US$ 450 billion by 2015. Regulations and relaxations of the Indian market The business environment in India was characterized by an atmosphere that has been regulated to a high degree by a system of license that is pervasive and by tariff barriers that are high and this was the case till the year 1991. In the year 1991, there have been many sweeping reforms introduced by the Indian government and the other succeeding governments have also consistently operated so that the whole course of the economy of India has undergone a radical change (Bajpai and Sachs, 1999). The nation of India is one of the largest economies next only to China in the continent of Asia. There are a large number of investors from the foreign nations who are being attracted to India particular in the sector of retail. This trend has been happening ever since the market in India was subject to the processes of liberalization as well as privatization (Das, 2001). The nation is now being looked upon as a thriving market for the investment purposes in spite of the hassles in the bureaucracy and also shortcomings in the facilities and infrastructure in India. The nation also presents with a huge capacity for investment from abroad and the nation has realized this and hence in keeping with this trend, the nation is encouraging the entry of players from that of the foreign market. Also the nation also uses English language as the medium of communication for the business purposes, governmental policies and administrative issues and these factors offer a friendly environment for th e investors. Hence any company that aspires to be a leader in the global arena cannot afford to ignore India which is one among the emerging nations of the world (Bajpai, Jian and Sachs, 1997). In the present scenario India experiences the fresh spirit of economic freedom that is helping the nation to introduce changes that are far reaching and helping it to unleash the great capacity of the economy of India. An array of reforms have been introduced that helped in the additional deregulation and stimulation of foreign investment and these steps have pulled the nation to the forefront in the row of leading international players (Sreejith and Raj, 2007). Some of the obvious strengths possessed by India are the skills in information technology and soft wares and the huge capacity for e-commerce. There also exists a strengthened consensus from the political arena in the concept of economic liberalization at the level of central government and state governments (Das, 2001). These combined factors promises a continued and increasing strength in the policies pertaining to the investors in a friendly manner and have led to the formation of opportunities in ample amounts for the inv estors at the foreign and the domestic level. Overview of the Indian retail Industry The industry of retail in India is divided in to unorganized and organized sectors and the activities of trading that are being undertaken by the retailers who are licensed and are liable to pay taxes like the sales and income tax is called as organized retailing. The organized retailing is inclusive of the hypermarkets that are backed by the corporate and the chains of retail and the businesses in retail that are being owned privately. Retailing that is not organized is inclusive of the formats of retailing that is of low cost. This is inclusive of the kirana shops that is located in the local areas, general stores that are manned by the owners and the beedi or paan shops, stores of convenience and the carts pulled by hand, the vendors on the pavement etc. there are new trends coming up in the retail scenario of India and this sector has a rate of growth of over 45 percent which amounts to the three year growth rate and hence it is one of the sectors with rapid growth among all the other sectors (India Retail, 2008). There are new and innovative formats like the departmental stores that have come up and this is replacing the specialty stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets etc. Particularly in the metros, malls in the western style have started appearing and these malls are now spreading out to cities in the second rung and these promise the consumers in India a shopping experience that is unparalleled (Johnson Tellis 2007). There is a high degree of fragmentation in the retail sector of India because over 97 percent of the businesses being run in the country is by the retailers who are not organized. Hence organized retailing in India is still at its infancy even though there are lot of attempts that are being made to bring an increase in its relative proportion to over 10 percent by the end of the year 2010. This would also bring about tremendous opportunities for the aspiring young players. This sector also provides the largest resource for employment next onl y to the agricultural sector and also is penetrated deeply in to the rural parts of India. This sector is also involved in the generation of over 10 percent of the total GDP of India (Das, 2006). FDI in the Indian Retail According to Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP, 2010) India had an inflow of US$ 1,392 million in October 2010 through FDI. In total US$ 122.68 billion has been channeled in to India from April 200o to October 2010. Decision to implement consolidated FDI policy has provided India with a respected position as a key partner in trade on international scale. Policy allows foreign investor to their funds through automatic route, do not mandate any permission prior to investment from the government of India (IBEF, 2010). In a survey Earnest Youngs 2010 have ranked India as 4th most attractive destination to invest. Similar results have been published in various repots like UK Trade and Investments, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNCAD), which have ranked India as second most lucrative destination following China in next three years (IBEF , 2010). As mentioned earlier the retail sector in India has been kept closed for the foreigners so that the means of livelihood of over 15million kirana store owners and the small shop owners would be safe guarded. It has now allowed only 51 percent of direct investment when it comes to retailing with single brands with the proper permission obtained from the Indian government. In the sector of whole sale trading also there is foreign direct investment allowed. The retailers with single brands like Fendi, Nike, Louis Vuitton and Toyota can have their own operations in India. There is another company called Metro which now has its operations by means of trading on a whole sale basis. There are also options being invited by the policy makers in such a way that the interests of the retail community at the local level are also not affected (Bajpai and Sachs, 2000). The Indian government is also considering the opening of the retailing for sports goods, stationery items, electronic goods, equipme nt for building etc. But the tough part for the government is that it has to maintain the delicate balance and a equal space for all the players. Hence due to the FDI policy that permits over 51 percent of one brand has made options for entering of Nike which sells foot wears, Lladro that is involved with porcelain items, Louis Vuitton that sells watches, textiles, shoes, accessories for travel, etc, Damro that sells furnitures, Fendi that sells luxury goods, Argenterie Greggio that is involved in the selling of cutlery, gifts and silverwares and the retail trader of Cars- Toyota. The successful entry of these players is also attracting others into the Indian market like a luxury industry in France that plans to cover the domestic luxury segment (Guruswamy, 2005). Major players in the Indian retail industry There has been tremendous growth in the retail sector of India with players like Ambanis, ITC, Bharti airtel, Rahejas and a lot of other investors, who are involved in the making of significant contributions in the sector which would lead to the emergence of retailers at the international level. These retailers have the power to make proper bargains with the suppliers and can reap the benefits of the economies of scale. Hence the process of discounting has become a widely accepted practice (SIA, 2003). In the international arena, India is looked upon as the last option left because the sector of retail in the nation of China has almost become saturated. At the same time the restrictions imposed by the government of India on FDI are also giving hard times to the international giants like the walmart and Tesco and a lot of other aspirers. The present scenario is that, only 51 percent of foreign direct investment has been allowed by the government towards shops with single brands like t he Reebok, Nike etc. but the international retailers are also taking other available routes for gaining access to the Indian market in an indirect manner by means of entering in to licensing agreements that are strategic and franchisee agreements. There is also whole sale trading on cash and carry basis being opted by the international players because there is permission to 100 % foreign direct investments when it comes to trading on a whole sale basis ( Narayanaswamy and Zainulbhai, 2007) Pantaloon Retail Pantaloon retail has its head quarters in the city of Mumbai and this retailer possesses a retail space of over four million sq. feet. It also has about 140 stores that are spread over 32 indian cities. The retailer is also involved in the provision of employment to over 15,000 indians and reaped a turn over of about 20 billion rupees for the financial year of 2005-2006. Lifestyle International The major activity carried out by the Life style is the running of outlets for retail as well as departmental stores. The main focus of Lifestyle is the operation of department stores in the high end format. The company possesses two names for its brand- SOGO as well as Jiuguang through which all the operations of the retail business are carried out. RPG enterprises One of the leading and largest conglomerated of business in India are the RPG enterprises and the company has a turn over of about 1.6 billion US dollars. The assets of the company itself amount to about 2 billion US dollars. This enterprise was the most rapidly growing group at the national level right from its inception in the year 1979 and possesses a chain of over 20 companies. It also has its operations in over 7 sectors of business like retailing, information technology, transmission, life sciences, power, tyres and entertainment. Trent (Tata) This group has a relatively recent origin and with its establishment in the year 1998 and has been successfully operating chains of retail stores in the nation in a fast manner. The company took its initial step in 1998 by opening Westside a retail chain for life style after which there was the opening of star India Bazaar in the year 2004. Star India Bazaar is a hypermarket that offers a large range of products at the cheapest prices. The growth of Trent continued with the acquisition of Landmark which is the largest retailer of Music and books. Shoppers stop It was in the year 1991 that this major retailer began its journey by the corporate group of companies owned by K. Raheja. This has now developed to the extent that it has become the sole brand for fashion and Lifestyle for entire family. Viveks limited This retailer is the leading player in the section of household appliances as well as consumer electronics in India. Viveks has over 15 showrooms at world class standards in over 3 major cities like Salem, Banglore and Chennai. The retail occupies a retail place of about 1,00,000 square feet. The annual turn over generated by Viveks is around 1 billion rupee.

Sketches of the Valley (spanish) :: Spanish Essays

Reportaje â€Å"Estampas del Valle† Abstract: â€Å"Estampas del Valle†, or â€Å"Sketches of the Valley†, is a book written by a well-known Chicano author, Rolando Hinojosa-Smith. The book is divided into four sections, in which he writes about the â€Å"sketches† of the characters he establishes, things that happen such as a sudden murder, the lives and deaths of elders in the community, and of the life of Rafa Buenrostro. Belken County a fictitious location in the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. He writes of many that live there, ranging from young children, to prostitutes, to priests, ect. He writes of the dialogues, the stories, and the occurrences that are common regardless of ethnicity, with a humoristic view. His masterpiece is written in first person narrator and omniscient author consisting of letters, pieces from journals, diaries, and recollections of conversations. Rolando Hinojosa-Smith nacià ³ el 21 de enero del aà ±o 1929, en Mercedes, Tejas. Su padre un Mà ©xico americano, Manuel Guzmà ¡n Hinojosa y su madre Carrie Effie Smith, una blanca. Hinojosa nacià ³ el menor de dos hermanas y un hermano. A la edad de quince aà ±os, el comenzà ³ publicando su primeras obras en inglà ©s, en la publicacià ³n Creative Bits. Despuà ©s de graduarse de la escuela secundaria en el aà ±o 1946 a la edad de diez y siete aà ±os, se alisto en el ejà ©rcito donde cumplià ³ dos aà ±os. Hinojosa luego atendià ³ la Universidad de Tejas en Austin, por un corto tiempo antes de su reactivacià ³n en 1950 al ejà ©rcito para ir a la guerra de Corea. El estuvo estacionado en Fort Eustis, Virginia, donde fue director de una publicacià ³n del campo. Luego cuando fue estacionado en el Caribe trabajà ³ como anunciador de radià ³ y fue director de la publicacià ³n Carribbean Army Defense Command. Despuà ©s de su participacià ³n en el ejà ©rcito Hinojosa termino su educacià ³n en la Universidad de Tejas en Austin en el aà ±o 1954 donde se gradà ºo con un tà ­tulo en espaà ±ol. Empezà ³ su carrera enseà ±ando gobierno, espaà ±ol, historia, y latà ­n por un tiempo en la escuela secundaria de Brownsville, Tejas. En el aà ±o 1969, se casà ³ con Patricia Louise Mandley y tuvieron tres hijos, pero desafortunadamente resulto en un divorcio en el aà ±o 1989. Hinojosa continà ºo sus estudios de maestrà ­a en Highlands University en Las Vegas, Nuevo Mà ©xico, y luego su doctrina en la Universidad de Illinois en Urbana. Despuà ©s de recibir su doctrina empezà ³ como profesor en Trinity University en San Antonio, Tejas, en el aà ±o 1969.

A Case Study on: Toyota Revs Up U.S. Sales Essay

Since 1903, Chevrolet or Ford has been the best-selling car brand in the United States until 2002. Between two competitors, Ford is the first position in the market that year Toyota motor corporation of Japan sold cars nearest to the two competitors and Toyota will pass Ford in the very near future as because for the effectiveness of its long-term planning, modest goal and Toyota developed Strategy that modest growth in Japan, Europe and North America that was biggest opportunities in Southeast Asia but unfortunately economics level of Southeast Asia has slowed. The Japanese market is becoming more competitive for Toyota and the firm is losing sales to Honda & Nissan. For recovering this situation, Toyota’s manger intend to exploit opportunity fully and Toyota sales more vehicles in the states than in Japan. Than the firm uses corporate level strategy to focus on U. S market this strategy leads the firm into top place in the America market. â€Å"WE Must Americanize. † – Fujio Cho Toyota Motor Corporation Q. 1. List the threats and opportunities that Toyota is facing in its environment. Then list the strength and weakness of Toyota? See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Answer: Basis on the Toyota’s business environment, Toyota facing some several threats and opportunities. These are point out in the below: Threats: 1. The economies level of Southeast Asian countries has slowed. 2. The Japanese market is getting more competitive for Toyota. 3. Toyota is losing sales to Honda and Nissan. 4. Initially Ford and Chevrolet has been best-selling car brand in the U. S market. Opportunities: 1. Exploiting of Toyota’s intend in the U. S. market 2. Approaching to local managers in order to Americanize. 3. Import taxes and current risk are reduced by manufacturing 2/3 of the cars U. S. and keeping revenues and expenses in U. S. dollars. 4. Utilizing American designers to compete effectively in the U. S. market Strengths: 1. The effectiveness of Toyota’s in long-term planning. 2. Toyota has innovative new product development. 3. The American competitors have been slow to respond to Toyota’s threat. 4. As a company, Toyota is beginning to set better long-term goals. 5. Toyota has accomplished ambitious goals. 6. Toyota do not like new direction and prefer that the firm stick â€Å"Toyota Way† Weaknesses: 1. Initially, Toyota had a very conservative approach to goals. 2. Failure to recognize market opportunity to develop a full-size pickup truck. 3. Slowing economies level in Southeast Asian countries.. 4. Traditionalists inside Toyota do not like where the company is headed and want to stick to old ways. 5. Lack of understanding of American preferences at the highest levels of the company. Q. 2. Consider Toyota’s U. S auto business. What business level strategy is the firm using? What factors did you rely on in reaching your decision? Answer: Toyota’s CEO realize that they must Americanize for this purpose the firm is using more American designers for care to be sold in the U. S market. This allows the firm to complete effectively with U. S auto market and to stay in touch with demands of American consumers. To achieve U. S market, the firm is using Geographical corporate level strategy. I relied on in reaching my decision, several distinct factors. These are given below: 1. Toyota’s business environment 2. Intend to exploit opportunity of Toyota’s manager 3. Toyota’s corporate level strategy Q. 3. In your opinion, is Toyota’s corporate level strategy (to focus on the U. S Market) likely to be effective over the next ten years? Why or why not? Answer: yes, I think Toyota’s corporate level strategy is definitely to be effective over the next ten years as because it is a company which is known for the effectiveness of its long term planning. Its corporate level strategy gets tremendous success in U. S Market. They are using American designers which will help to compete in the future due to get knowledge of updated consumer demand. It also using overall cost leadership strategy in American market. By considering the above case I think Toyota’s corporate level strategy would be effective over the next ten years.

Ethics in Business Ethics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct

Ethics in Business Ethics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct Ethics in BusinessEthics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct. In the United States, many believe we are currently suffering from an ethics crisis (Ricklets, Robbins Coulter, 1996). Behaviors that were once thought unacceptable lying, cheating, misrepresenting, and covering up mistakes have become in many people's eyes acceptable or necessary practices. Managers profit from illegal use of insider stock information and members of Congress write hundreds of bad checks. Even college students seem to have become caught up in the wave where studies show significant increases in cheating on tests (Robbins et al.). Concern over this perceived decline in ethical standards is being addressed by organizations, and companies are relying on Human Resource (HR) to build an ethical culture. Human Resource departments are creating codes of ethics, introducing ethics training programs and hiring ethics officers. Why is ethics imp ortant to Human Resources? When employees in organizations make decisions to act unethically, they affect not only the company itself, but also its shareholders, employees and customers.Journal of Business EthicsEmployees make a myriad of choices every day in businesses if unethical, they can damage a company's productivity, profits and reputation. Unethical decisions can come in many forms: the employee who conducts personal business on company time to the line worker who fails to report a product flaw just to meet a deadline, and even more serious, the manager who profits from illegal use of insider stock information. All these incidents lack ethics. In most companies today, the competitive advantage rests on the shoulders of its employees. These employees must be trusted to do the right thing, especially when no one is looking. It is up to HR to train, educate and communicate with employees on rights and wrongs...

Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Example

Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Example Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Essay Topic: Argumentative Should the Government Ban the Sale of Violent Video Games? â€Å"Too many of the video games marketed to our children teach them all of the wrong lessons and values† (Whitehead 108). These are the words from the Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich who is trying to outlaw the sale of violent video games. This issue has been around for a while and the government is looking into it. They say that violent behavior by small children is an effect of the violence seen in the video games. Many people have supported the actions taken by the government but others see it as a waste of resources. There are a number of reasons the government should not get involved in banning the sale of video games. Parents should be responsible and take care of their children. Proponents claim that that the government should ban violent video games for a number of reasons. They claim that research has shown that violent video games affect young people in both short and long term. This leads children to criminal and antisocial behavior. Parents don’t actually know how violent video games actually are and use them to keep their children busy while they are minding their own business so there is no parental supervision. The government has taken interest in this since many people believe that the role of the government is to protect society and its citizens from damaging society as a whole. However, it would be wrong for the government to take steps in censoring violent video games since it is something that is impossible to do. The government would require a great deal of money to stop the sales of video games. Yet, it won’t stop anything since retailers could then move their sales to the internet where the government won’t be able to perform so well. All the money invested would then be a waste. Many people against the law say that the government should spend the money in something more useful or needed. It would be a waste of resources to try and control the sales when internet is so accessible to everyone and can provide access to anything. Furthermore, violent acts by children cannot be attributed to video games; there are a lot of things that come into play. Many known researchers have found that there is no link between violent behavior and video games. The most recent study was performed by Patrick Kierkegaard at the University of Essex, England; it suggested that there is no link between violent video games and violent behavior. Kierkegaard explained that the effect seems to be the exact opposite and one might argue that video game usage has reduced real violence (Kierkegaard). He also states that it is possible for certain types of video game to affect emotions, views, behavior, and attitudes, however, so can books. These can also lead to violent behavior on those already predisposed to violence. Nevertheless, many of the video games that are found to be violent are not created for children. These games are written for adults and have an effective rating system implemented on them. One such rating system is the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). It was created by the major video game manufacturers due to pressure applied by concerned groups about the content on video games. Many game companies now submit their products for rating by the ESRB. A number of factors are considered when rating games. They include the amount of violence, sex, profane language and substance abuse. The ESRB then gives an age recommendation and a content description to the games submitted. This rating system allows parents to know what each game contains and allows them to make responsible decisions for their children. As evidence shows, it would not be wise for the government to get involved in this. Parents play a large role in development of their children. They are the ones that go and buy the games for the children without paying attention to the safety measures already in place. I have been a video game player for many years and have played every kind of game. Yet, the teachings I received since I was a kid are still in me and I have never had the urge to be violent due to a video game. Parents should take responsibility for their children and the government should not be responsible for the actions of the parents. Dafoe Whitehead, Barbara. Parents Need Help: Restricting Access to Video Games. Elements of Argument. Ed. Annette T. Rottenberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 108-109. Kierkegaard, Patrick. Video Games and Aggression. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry. Ed. Johanna K. P. Dennis. New York: Inderscience, 2008. 411-417

Heartfailure readmissions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heartfailure readmissions - Research Paper Example Thus, it is not a shock that heart failure hospitalization is the focus for quality improvement, as well as cost reduction efforts (Wang, 2013). The CMS - Center for Medicare and Medicaid Service has made it compulsory to report hospital-level 30-day readmission rates for heart failure plus acute myocardial infarction in an attempt to enhance outcomes (Simpson, 2014). For this paper, I will be focusing on the safety aspects of heart failure and what we as nurses can do to boost self-management. Since a huge part of self-management includes education, collaboration with healthcare providers, and the actions/behaviors of patients, I will focus on issues such as adhering to the prescribed medication regimen, diet and exercise, and managing stress/emotions. The paper will also describe the barriers to healthy behaviors in the community and describes the priority health concerns and nature of the problem. Patients with heart failure develop harsh conditions due to this illness which affects their safety (Gerdes & Lcrenz, 2013). These safety concerns include severe weight gain, worsening shortness of breath, new or worsening leg swelling, inability to sleep without sitting up, difficulty breathing during the night, which is affected by widespread coughing, chest pain of a heavy feeling in the chest area and finally lack of weight loss effect from extra water pills (Warden et al., 2014). With a small planning, as well as support from nurses, heart failure patients can live safely and comfortably (Wang, 2013). An important consideration might be how remaining in hospital might improve the patients quality of life plus be a genuine source of happiness to the patient. Efforts to enhance heart failure care have focused on clinical and physiological variables, hospital and provider performance, as well as pubic reporting on quality heart failure indicators to recognize and characterize pati ent risk (Warden et al., 2014). To date, there has been far less

Explain The raise and the fall of keynesianism Essay

Explain The raise and the fall of keynesianism - Essay Example This stems from the belief that unemployment is a result of insufficient demand for services and goods. This view was neoclassical and is defined as a ‘demand-side’ theory whose focus is short-run, in which aggregate demand strongly influences economic output especially during economic fluctuations such as recessions. Keynesianism was so much attached to the government policies in its advocacy (Keynes and Krugman, 2007). Keynes asserted that investment is a dynamic factor that determines the height of economic activity by responding to future expectations as well as interest rate variations. In this sense, he maintained that full employment could be fostered through deliberate action by the government. Such direct government influence on goods and services demand could be in terms of changing public expenditures and tax policies. The rise of Keynesian economics took place during later periods of World War II, the Great Depression, as well as the economic expansion after the war that is from around 1945 to 1973. Keynesianism was portrayed as a rational, beneficial, scientific advance in economic management providing a basis for triumphing over the crisis of capitalism and creation of just capitalist societies (Keynes and Krugman, 2007). The theories proposed by Keynes in the course of and after World War II gained worldwide influence and their adoption was an integral part of establishing new patterns of relations between labour and capital. This forms the basis on which the term Keynesianism is used often in broad reference to patterns of economic and political relations, which are associated with those policies and theories. The broad concept of employment, curiosity, and money proved to be a unique contribution that was acceptable to economic and political establishments propagating the spread of Keynes’s policies as well as theoretical ideas. Keynes was keen to oppose his theories to and